Tiger

                                 

Tiger

The tiger (Panthera tigris) is the largest cat species, most recognizable for their pattern of dark vertical stripes on reddish-orange fur with a lighter underside. The species is classified in the genus Panthera with the lion , leopard, jaguar, and snow leopard. Tigers are apex predators , primarily preying on ungulates such as deer and bovids. They are territorial and generally solitary but social animals, often requiring large contiguous areas of habitat that support their prey requirements. This, coupled with the fact that they are indigenous to some of the more densely populated places on Earth, has caused significant conflicts with humans.

                           

Bengal tiger

Taxonomy and etymology
In 1758, Linnaeus described the tiger in his work Systema Naturae and gave it the scientific nameFelis tigris. In 1929, the British taxonomist Reginald Innes Pocock subordinated the species under the genus Panthera using the scientific name Panthera tigris.
                             

Tiger

The word Panthera is probably of Oriental origin and retraceable to the Ancient Greek word panther, the Latin word panthera, the Old French word pantere, most likely meaning "the yellowish animal", or from pandarah meaning whitish-yellow. The derivation from Greek pan- ("all") and ther ("beast") may be folk etymology.
                               

Tiger

The specific epithet, tigris, as well as the common name, tiger, come from the Middle English tigre and the Old Englishtigras (a plural word), both used for the animal. These derive from the Old French tigre, itself a derivative of the Latin word tigris and the Greek word tigris. The original source may have been the Persian tigra meaning pointed or sharp and the Avestan tigrhi meaning an arrow, perhaps referring to the speed with which a tiger launches itself at its prey. It is worth mentioning that Meso
potamia, where the Caspian tiger had occurred, has a river called 'Tigris'.
                   Tiger
Temporal range: early Pleistocene–Presen
Scientific classification

Kingdom:Animalia

Phylum  :chordata

Class       :Mammalia

Order     :carnivora

Suborder:Feliformia

Family   :Felidae

Genus    :panthera

Species  :tigris


                Binomial name
Binomial name of tiger is panthera tigris.
Tiger's historic range in about 1850 (pale yellow) and in 2006 (in green).

Tigers once ranged widely across eastern Eurasia, from the Black Sea in the west, to the Indian Ocean in the south, and from Kolyma to Sumatra in the east. Over the past 100 years, they have lost 93% of their historic range, and have been extirpated from Western and Central Asia, from the islands of Java and Bali, and from large areas of Southeast, Southern, and Eastern Asia. Today, they range from the Siberian taiga to open grasslands and tropical mangrove swamps. The remaining six tiger subspecies have been classified as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The global population in the wild is estimated to number between 3,062 and 3,948 individuals, down from around 100,000 at the start of the 20th century, with most remaining populations occurring in small pockets isolated from each other, of which about 2,000 exist on the Indian subcontinent. A 2016 global census estimated the population of wild tigers at approximately 3,890 individuals. Major reasons for population decline include habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation and poaching. The extent of area occupied by tigers is estimated at less than 1,184,911 km2 (457,497 sq mi), a 41% decline from the area estimated in the mid-1990s. In 2016, wildlife conservation group at WWF declared that world's count of wild tigers has risen for the first time in a century.


Tigers are among the most recognisable and popular of the world's charismatic megafauna. They have featured prominently in ancient mythology and folklore, and continue to be depicted in modern films and literature. They appear on many flags, coats of arms, and as mascots for sporting teams. The tiger is the national animal of Bangladesh, India, Malaysia and South Korea.

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Simple method to protect wildlife

IUCN Red Data book

We all love the wildlife photos, documentaries and the TV shows etc..
Also we all are talked about it.

In our universe the humans activities inversely effect the wildlife. we all go shopping and buy food and products that contribute directly to their decline.

All the people's know the thing we buy that damage, directly or indirectly, to the universe. the things are plastic, palm oil or have be using growing pesticides etc.....

The bottom line is that we have the intelligence and the technical backup to search for information...and we all have the freedom of choices to make decisions and changes. If we all made a few changes and spent the money we have in our pockets in a more wildlife or human friendly way we would collectively make a changes.

The  ways to protect our ecosystem are Painting our house  Using a latex paint. ...Get a tune-up. Properly maintained vehicles get better gas mileage and emit fewer pollutants. Don't top off your gas tank. ...Conserve energy. ...Don't burn your yard waste. ...Plant a tree. ...Park the car.

This protections are not for our life.  this is for the new generations. I know this is not easy to make changes and that the more ethical and environmentally sound choices are often more expensive. But with out the ecosystem the earth is empty. But with out money earth do not empty.
Try to save our wildlife.

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ERAVIKULAM NATIONAL PARK

 Eravikulam National Park is a 97 km² national park located along the Western Ghats in the Idukki district of Kerala in India. Situated between 10º05'N and 10º20' north, and 77º0' and 77º10' east, it is the first national park in Kerala.

                     Eravikulam National park mainely protected the Nilagiri tahr.And the plants suitated in that place.

 

Eravikulam National park

 
                           

Nilagiri tahr

Nilagiri tahr

                             

                                Neelakurinji  in Eravikulam

Neelakurinji

One could say this as a unique life cycle, and a phenomenon that makes the hills of Munnar a special place for biologists. The biological phenomenon of the mass blooming of the Neelakurinji (Strobilanthus) flower that takes place once in twelve years has once again arrived in the famed hill resort of Munnar. Neela means blue in Malayalam language and Kurinji the local name of the flower. For those in Munnar, the blooming of Kurinji flower is a reminder that their lives have gone past another twelve years, and for those from far off; may be it is reminder to witness a once in a life time rare sight of the Kurinji flowers covering the slopes and ravines of Munnar in a blanket of blue.
The Kurinji flower, which last bloomed en masse in the year 2006, has showed up at some places around Munnar like Mattupetty and Top Station. Shortly, the slopes of Munnar hills would be blanketed by the Kurinji flowers, which would add yet another alluring charm to the sights and sounds of Munnar. Visitors to Munnar in the coming months can enjoy this marvelous sight, which is bound to leave an everlasting memory about this fascinating hill resort.

Situated about 1600 mts above sea level, Munnar is well known for its vast expanse of tea plantations, cool weather, plantation bungalows and is blessed with a rich variety of flora and fauna. It is home to the majestic Nilgiri Tahr (Hemitragas hylocres), which is an endangered species. Over the year, good conservation methods helped it to thrive well in the Eravikulam National Park, located close to the town of Munnar. Close by is yet another attraction in the form of the Anamudi Peak, which is the tallest peak south of the Himalayas, and is an ideal spot for trekking. A visit to the Mattupetty reservoir and a boat ride in the adjoining lake is a delightful experience. Here, one may also visit the Indo-Swiss dairy farm, which houses some of the finest breeds of cows.

Some other attractions in and around Munnar include some vantage viewpoints like the Top Station, which is the highest point on the Munnar-Kodaikanal rout; Marayoor, famous for its naturally existing sandalwood trees, Kundala, a picturesque town with a golf course maintained by the Tata Tea Company and the Pallivasal Hydroelectric project, which is the first such project in Kerala. Other nearby places of interest includes Echo Point, Chithirapuram, Anayirankal, Cheeyappara and Valara waterfalls.

If for the first time, let Kurinji be your reason to embrace the mist-clad hills of Munnar. It is a place, where you would be tempted to scale heights that you never dared to; wet your feet in gurgling streams and rivulets, and care for a tête-à-tête with some of its unique wildlife, and even take a stroll among the plantations and take in the refreshing cool, crisp air.

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Shot note about giraffe's

Giraffe

Giraffe is the tallest living terrestrial animal.The genus currently consists of one species,Giraffacamelopardalis, The type species.Giraffe's neck weight around 600 pounds(272kg) and 1.8 meter long.Giraffe's heart approximately 2 feet(0.6meters) and its weight 25 pounds(11kg).Also its lungs can hold 55liters of air.Giraffes allso called "camel leopard". Because it has a hump on their back  similar that of leopard.

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Shot note on Snakes

Snake

    Snakes are carnivorous reptiles of the suborder serpentes.Also its legless and elongated. Snakes are ectothermic,amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping scales. Many species of snakes have skulls with several more joints than their lizard ancestors, enabling them to swallow prey much larger than their heads with their highly mobile jaw. Some species retain a pelvic gridle with a pair of vestigial claws on either side of the cloaca. Lizards have evolved elongate bodies with out limbs or with greatly reduced limbs about twenty five times independently via convergent evaluation, leading to many lineages of legless lizards. Legless lizards resemble snake, but several common group of legless lizards have eyelids and external ears, which snakes lack, although this rule is not universal.

Snakes

             Living snakes do not found in Antarctica,Ireland,Green land,New zeland and some islands.
Most species are nonvenomous and those that have venom use it primarily to kill and subdue prey rather than for self-defense. Some possess venom potent enough to cause painful injury or death to humans.And the Nonvenomous Snakes either swallow prey alive or kill by construction. The fossil evidence said that sankes are originated from burrowing lizzards, such as the vavanids during the cretaceous period.

Snakes

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Basic Information About Bees

Honey bee

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African Elephants

African elephant's

African elephant is very different from other elephants.It has elongated nose and upper lip for smelling. When an elephant drinks, it sucks as much as 2 gallons (7.5 liters) of water into its trunk at a time. Then it curls its trunk under, sticks the tip of its trunk into its mouth, and blows. Out comes the water, right down the elephant's throat. Since African elephants live where the sun is usually blazing hot, they use their trunks to help them keep cool. First they squirt a trunkful of cool water over their bodies. Then they often follow that with a sprinkling of dust to create a protective layer of dirt on their skin. Elephants pick up and spray dust the same way they do water—with their trunks.

Family of elephant

Group of African elephants

African elephants are more strong. Elephants also use their trunks as snorkels when they wade in deep water. An elephant's trunk is controlled by many muscles. Two fingerlike parts on the tip of the trunk allow the elephant to perform delicate maneuvers such as picking a berry from the ground or plucking a single leaf off a tree. Elephants can also use its trunk to grasp an entire tree branch and pull it down to its mouth and to yank up clumps of grasses and shove the greenery into their mouths.
When an elephant gets a whiff of something interesting, it sniffs the air with its trunk raised up like a submarine periscope.If threatened, an elephant will also use its trunk to make loud trumpeting noises as a warning.

African elephant

African elephant
Elephants are social creatures. They sometimes hug by wrapping their trunks together in displays of greeting and affection. Elephants also use their trunks to help lift or nudge an elephant calf over an obstacle, to rescue a fellow elephant stuck in mud, or to gently raise a newborn elephant to its feet. And just as a human baby sucks its thumb, an elephant calf often sucks its trunk for comfort. One elephant can eat 300 pounds (136 kilograms) of food in one day.
 

African elephant

People hunt elephants mainly for their ivory tusks. Adult females and young travel in herds, while adult males generally travel alone or in groups of their own.

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Plants: The Lungs of the Earth

Tree

The service provided by plants for the sustenance of the biological world is unique. Plants are the cheapest and effective natural mechanisam for the purification of air.plants offer great service to the biological world by absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and releasing oxygen.it is estimated that plants give out approximately 118 kilograms of oxygen when they use one tonne carbon dioxide.As the plant cover on the earth decreases, this recycling mechanism stops and air pollution become severe.observe the pictures. Based on the indicators prepare a note on the importance of plants.

                                     

Tree

A tree typically has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground by the trunk. This trunk typically contains woody tissue for strength, and vascular tissue to carry materials from one part of the tree to another. For most trees it is surrounded by a layer of bark which serves as a protective barrier. Below the ground, the roots branch and spread out widely; they serve to anchor the tree and extract moisture and nutrients from the soil. Above ground, the branches divide into smaller branches and shoots. The shoots typically bear leaves, which capture light energy and convert it into sugars by photosynthesis, providing the food for the tree's growth and development.

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Songbirds

Song bird

 Songbirds are nature's finest songsters. The vocal organ of these group of birds is higly develoed.This enables them to produce a wide variety of sounds, warblers,tanagers,cardinals,robins,wrens, finches and hundreads of other species make up this diverse group of birds.

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Kadalundi Bird Sancturies

                                       

Entrance of kadalundi bird sanctuary

Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary is the bird watchers paradise as it provides shelters to more than hundred verities of migratory and native birds.

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Domestication and photos of domesticated animals

                                

Domesticated wheat 

Domestication means the change in animals and plants,when they are kept by humens in long time. Weat is an example for 

domesticated plant.

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Aralam wildlife sanctuary

               

Entrance

Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary is the northernmost wildlife sanctuary of Kerala, southwest India. It is 55 km2 (21 sq mi) in area and located on the western slope of the Western Ghats. It was established in 1984. The headquarters of the sanctuary is near Iritty. Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in the southeast part of Kannur District. It lies between 11° 54′ and 11° 59′ north latitude and 75° 47′ and 75° 57′ east longitude.
Also read: Aralam wildlife sanctuary

             Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary

The sanctuary area falls in Aralam, Kelakam and Kottiyoor revenue villages and is located in the northwest slopes of Western Ghats contiguous with the forests of Coorg (Kodagu) district of Karnataka state.
                                 

                    The PA (protected area) consists of Aralam Range, the only range of Aralam wildlife division, which is part of Northern Wildlife Circle (Northern Region) Palakkad. The extent of the sanctuary is 55 square kilometres (21 sq mi). The sanctuary was constituted in 1984 as per GO (P) 300/84/AD dated 15 October 1984.
It was formed by carving out areas from the Odanthode Malavaram of Thalassery special division which was an erstwhile private forest, subsequently taken over by Govt. as per the provisions of the Kerala Private Forests (vesting and assignment) Act 1971 and from the Kottiyoor RF of Wayanad Forest Division.
                                   

                               
The vested Forrest portion of the sanctuary is 32.64 square kilometres (12.60 sq mi) and the 22.36 km2 is part of Kottiyoor RF (Reserved Forest).
           Till 30.6.98 this sanctuary was a range in Wayanad Wildlife Division. It started functioning as an independent wildlife division since 1.7.98 as per GO (MS) 36/98 dated 27.5.98.
                                       In the First Management Plan the entire area was divided into two zones viz: the Core Zone and the Buffer Zone.Climatic factors include rainfall, temperature, humidity, frost and so on.

Average rainfall: 4000 mm
Temperature: 11.0°C to 40.0°C
Humidity: 60 to 100 %
Wind: Regular wind during Southwest monsoon
Water source: Cheenkannipuzha

Conditions
                         Rainfall
Rainfall data available in the Central State Farm, Aralam, which is just adjoining to the sanctuary area has been analysed. Major source of moisture in the tract is in the form of rainfall. The total annual rainfall seldom falls below 4000 mm. The maximum annual value for the nine years data available is 5052.60 mm and the minimum is 3745.50 mm. In specialised localities, in the higher reaches (where there are no rain gauges), the rainfall goes as high as over 6000 mm. Most (more than 70%) of the rainfall is obtained during the southwest monsoon in June, July and August months.
                    The retreating monsoon though less pronounced, is an important source of moisture in October, November and December, which constitutes 14% of the total. Summer rains vary widely and is not dependable.
                         In the Peninsular India the vegetation type and growing period are determined by the extent of dry period rather than by the amount of rainfall.
           The spread of rainy days across time (around the year) is a crucial determining factor in the plant growth. The dry period in the area varies between three and four months when the monthly rainfall is below 50 mm, and the number of rainy days varies from 100 to 120. Variation is observed in the quantity of rainfall as the altitude changes to higher levels.

                  Temperature
The temperature at the foothills varies from 11.0°C to 40.0°C. The diurnal variations are moderate. As the altitude increases the variation is comparatively small, between 8.0°C and 25.0°C. The hottest months are April and May. December to February is relatively cool.

                          Humidity
At the foothills the humidity varies from 60% to 100%.

                            Winds
Regular winds lash the area during the southwest monsoon period. Strong winds of dry nature blow from September to April, causing dryness in the locality with the result there is a fire hazard, especially in the deciduous forests.
                       Microclimate
८Locations where very high rainfall and peculiar soil conditions in the folds of the hills bring in specialised microclimatic situations leading to a peculiar habitat, which supports relatively specialised vegetation. Such portions are found here and there on the higher reaches.

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